Chemical Forums

Is hydroiodic acid more powerfull vs hydrobromic acid for ether cleavage? I think it should be, itś a stronger acid and the iodo ion is a stronger nucleophile?

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The diagram is about nuclei separation, it has little to do with electron separation. Once electrons are close enough to overlap and form bonds they become indistinguishable, and discussing electron distance from each other becomes a bit meaningless.

I just skimmed over your numbers and nothing sticks out as obviously incorrect, but there is one thing that I would do differently:

[H₃O⁺] + (0.36 M) = [H₂PO₄^-] + 2[HPO₄^2-] +3[PO₄^3-] + [OH^-]

Instead of writing 0.036 M I would first list all ions with coefficients. Makes it easier to check what you are doing.

Any advice would be great!

Did you get anywhere with this? Why the need to distinguish?

Hey all, first post here 
Anyways, it seems there will be some mass/charge balance questions on my upcoming quant midterm and want to make sure i get this right. Im pretty sure i got the hang of mass balance, but not so much charge balance. An example problem is as follows, and my answers are in red...

A solution is prepared using 0.01 mol of Na₂HPO₄, 0.02 mol of Ca(H₂PO4)₂, and 0.02 mol of Mg₃(PO₄)2. In a total volume of  0.50 L.

a.   Write all mass balance equations for this solution
[Na+] = 0.04 M
[Ca²⁺] = 0.04 M
[Mg²⁺] = (3*0.02)/0.5 = 0.12 M
[H₃PO₄] + [H₂PO₄^-] + [HPO₄^2-] + [PO₄^3-] = ( 0.01 + (2*0.02) + (2*0.02))/0.5 = 0.18 M

b.   Write the charge balance equation for this solution. Where appropriate, replace general concentration terms with actual concentrations.
[H₃O⁺] + (0.36 M) = [H₂PO₄^-] + 2[HPO₄^2-] +3[PO₄^3-] + [OH^-]

Can anyone knowledgeable in this area verify whether this is right/wrong?

Neither in crystals nor in solutions of ionic compounds have covalent bonds between ions. The total formula informs us only about the composition of the stoichiometric unit of the compound.

After graduation, the chemist has intellectual tools to imagine the structure of a not very complicated chemical compound from its total formula (not always correctly, but he knows where to check it), e.g. copper sulfate pentahydrate in the crystal has a structure [Cu(H₂O)₄]SO₄·H₂O, and in the solution there are ions [Cu(H₂O)₆]²⁺ next to hydrated sulfate ions with undefined stoichiometry of water molecules (and therefore the water is omitted in ions, or it is included in the form of SO₄^2-(aq) and then when balancing chemical reactions we neglect this (aq).

At pH 9, the solution also contains 10,000 times more OH^- ions than the H₃O⁺ ions. For both salts, the concentration of hydroxide ions is sufficient to immediately produce Cu(OH)₂ (anhydrous) and Fe(OH)₂ (hydrated with undefined stoichiometry)

You can find the rest in good textbooks.

Will Fe²⁺ ions continue binding to SO4^2- until all are oxidased?

Ions in the solution, after dissociation, are not bound to any specific ion. The only thing that matters is that the solution is electrically neutral, what ions are present doesn't matter.

Ions can react and interact, making complexes or precipitates, but that's not the case of Fe²⁺ and SO₄^2- (or, rather - complexing properties of SO₄^2- are way too low to matter).

Nothing here, but my connection is rather slow, so chances are what I see is not limited by the software.

OTOH footer contains information about how fast the page was created - it is below 0.2 sec now ("Page created in 0.135 seconds with 29 queries."), I believe it was below 0.2 s before as well. From what I remember for human interaction everything below 0.25 s counts as "instant".

Guys i think i did it.
I made some changes in the process of HEDP neutralisation and mixing of all ingredients, have already gone 2 days and no any cristals!!
I will try to oscillate the storage temperature to boost the crystallization processes, if it can still take place.
After 10 days I will be sure of the experiment.
Have a nice day!