You're right when you say there exists no quadruple bond for most compounds, and particularly organic ones. But, there are a few exceptions, as some transition metals do form quadruple bonds, like molybdenum and rhenium
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadruple_bond.
Even more!
Quintuple bonds have been reported, again between some transition metals
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintuple_bond.
But, why doesn't carbon form quadruple bonds? That would imply that all the atomic orbitals 2s and 2p from C are involved in the bonding interaction. First with the 2p orbitals, you form one sigma bond and two pi bonds. And now, due to the geometry of the remaining 2s orbital, it can only form sigma bond as well. But, you can't have two sigma bonds to form one quadruple bond, because both are lying in the axis (as opposed to pi bonds that are on the side). The two sigma bounds would get into one another and interact too strongly for the compound to be stable.
Quadruple and quintuple bonds are possible with transition metals due to their 3d orbitals, which give more space for more interactions.