Your questions are so broad as to be very difficult to answer. The last one about characteristic reactions can be answered in many, many ways. Phenols, aryl ketones, and iodobenzene for instance all are very common reagents used in a million different ways each day across the world. benzofuran a little less so, but it still is a common substrate that would generate many thousands of hits on a google scholar search for its chemistry.
If you saw one of these functional groups individually, whats the first reaction that uses it to pop into you head? I think thats what they are asking.